PANews reported on December 4th that Vitalik Buterin stated Ethereum will continue to improve security and scalability through "hard invariants." He reviewed EIP-2929/3529 's increase in load costs and reduced refunds in 2021 , Dencun's weakening of SELFDESTRUCT in 2024 , and his plan for 2025 to cap single transaction usage at 16,777,216 gas , limiting the executable size of a single transaction or block, reducing DoS risk, and simplifying clients. He also suggested setting caps on code byte access, ZK-EVM prover cycles, and memory pricing in the future.